- Home »
- Issues »
- 25/1 – Spring 2020 »
- Articles »
How Problematic is an Unpopulated Hell?
Abstract
The Problem of Suffering (PoS) claims that there is tension between the existence of a perfect God and suffering. The Problem of Hell (PoH) is a version of PoS claiming that a perfect God would lack morally sufficient reasons to allow individuals to be damned to Hell eternally. A few traditional solutions have been developed to PoH, but each of them is problematic. As such, if there is a solution to PoH that is resilient to these problems, then it deserves our attention. In this paper, I develop such a solution. I call this the Unpopulated Hell View (UHV), which claims that Hell exists as a place where eternal damnation could take place, although it never does. First, I explain how UHV solves PoH. Next, I develop four objections against UHV and defend UHV against them. I argue that although some of these objections do more damage to UHV than others, UHV has satisfying responses to all of them. Ultimately I conclude that UHV merits consideration as a novel solution to PoH because it is less problematic than the traditional ones.
Keywords
Cite this article
Gillham, Alex R. “How Problematic is an Unpopulated Hell?” Forum Philosophicum 25, no. 1 (2020): 107–21. doi:10.35765/forphil.2020.2501.7.
Bibliography
Adams, Marilyn M. 1975. “Hell and the God of Justice.” Religious Studies 11 (4): 433–47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412500008763. —. 1993. “The Problem of Hell: A Problem of Evil for Christians.” In Reasoned Faith, A Festchrift for Norman Kretzmann, edited by Eleanore Stump, 301–27. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Anselm. Cur Deus Homo, in Anselm of Canterbury (Volume 3). Translated and edited by J. Hopkins and H. Richardson. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1976. von Balthasar, Hans Urs. 1988. Dare We Hope “That All Men Be Saved”? with A Short Discourse on Hell. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. Buckareff, Andrei, and Allen Plug. 2005. “Escaping Hell: Divine Motivation and the Problem of Hell.” Religious Studies 41 (1): 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0034412504007437. Craig, William Lane. 1989. “‘No Other Name’: A Middle Knowledge Perspective on the Exclusivity of Salvation through Christ.” Faith and Philosophy 6 (2): 172–88. https://doi.org/10.5840/faithphil19896212. Dougherty, Trent and Ted Poston. 2008. “Hell, Vagueness, and Justice: A Reply to Sider.” Faith and Philosophy 25 (3): 322–8. Hick, John. 1966. Evil and the God of Love. New York: Harper and Row. Konieczka, Matthew. 2009. “Hell Despite Vagueness: A Reply to Sider.” Sophia 50 (1): 221–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11841-009-0115-6. Kronen, John, and Eric Reitan. 2011. God’s Final Victory: A Comparative Philosophical Case for Universalism. London: Continuum. Kvanvig, Jonathan L. 1993. The Problem of Hell. New York: Oxford University Press. —. 2011. Destiny and Deliberation. New York: Oxford University Press. Lewis, C. S. 1946. The Great Divorce. London: MacMillan. Lewis, C.S. 1944. The Problem of Pain. New York: MacMillan. Luck, Morgan. 2016. “Escaping Heaven and Hell.” Religious Studies 52 (3): 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412515000451. Mackie, J.L. 1955. “Evil and Omnipotence.” Mind 64 (254): 200–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LXIV.254.200. Matheson, Benjamin. 2014. “Escaping Heaven.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 75 (3): 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11153-013-9432-3. McCloskey, H.J. 1960. “God and Evil.” Philosophical Quarterly 10 (39): 97–114. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.2307/2960059. Murray, Michael J. 1999. “Three Versions of Universalism.” Faith and Philosophy 16 (1): 55–68. https://doi.org/10.5840/faithphil19991613. Pinnock, Clark H. 1997. “The Conditional View.” In Four Views on Hell, edited by William Crockett, 135–66. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Quinn, Philip L. 1988. “‘In Adam’s Fall, We Sinned All.’” Philosophical Topics 16 (2): 89–118. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics198816215. Rowe, William L. 1979. “The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism.” American Philosophical Quarterly 16 (4): 335–41. Schellenberg, J.L. 1993. Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Sider, Ted. 2002. “Hell and Vagueness.” Faith and Philosophy 19 (1): 58–68. https://doi.org/10.5840/faithphil20021918. Stump, Eleonore. 1986. “Dante’s Hell, Aquinas’s Moral Theory, and the Love of God.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 16 (2): 181–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1986.10717114. Swinburne, Richard. 1989. Responsibility and Atonement. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Talbott, Thomas. 1990. “The Doctrine of Everlasting Punishment.” Faith and Philosophy 7 (1): 19–42. https://doi.org/10.5840/faithphil1990711. —. 1992. “Craig on the Possibility of Eternal Damnation.” Religious Studies 28 (4): 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412500021892. —. 1999. “Providence, Freedom, and Human Destiny.” Religious Studies 26 (2): 227–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500020382 —. 2001. “Freedom, Damnation, and the Power to Sin with Impunity.” Religious Studies 37 (4): 417–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412501005777. Walls, Jerry L. 1992. Hell: The Logic of Damnation. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.